===========================
eselect Developer Reference
===========================

Introduction
============

About eselect
-------------

eselect is a framework for simplifying and introducing consistency to
the various Gentoo ``foo-config`` and ``update-blah`` tools. It is an
option for developers who don't like reinventing the wheel, not a
mandatory tool.

Getting Started
===============

Introduction
------------

When porting your application to use the eselect framework, you will
generally need to create a module. Often this can be heavily based upon
an existing module, so check to see whether there is something that does
almost what you need first (symlink handling is a good example of
something that can be copied rather than reinvented).

A Simple Module
---------------

It's easiest to illustrate by example. Here's a simple module, named
``cow.eselect``. It has two actions, ``moo`` and ``think``, plus the
standard ``help``, ``usage`` and ``version`` actions, and is installed
to ``$(datadir)/eselect/modules/`` ::


    # -*-eselect-*-  vim: ft=eselect
    # Copyright 1999-2011 Gentoo Foundation
    # Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License v2
    # $Id: $

    DESCRIPTION="Do things to a cow"
    MAINTAINER="ciaranm@gentoo.org"
    SVN_DATE='$Date: $'
    VERSION=$(svn_date_to_version "${SVN_DATE}")

    ### moo action

    describe_moo() {
        echo "Say moo"
    }

    describe_moo_parameters() {
        echo "<text>"
    }

    describe_moo_options() {
        echo "text : Text to display (optional)"
        echo "--dead : Use a dead cow"
        echo "--borg : Use a borged cow"
    }

    do_moo() {
        local params=
        while [[ ${1#--} != ${1} ]] ; do
            if [[ "--dead" == ${1} ]] ; then
                shift
                params="${params} -d"
            elif [[ "--borg" == "${1}" ]] ; then
                shift
                params="${params} -b"
            elif [[ "--" == "${1}" ]] ; then
                break
            else
                die -q "Unknown parameter ${1}"
            fi
        done

        echo "${@:-I am a cow}" | cowsay ${params}
    }

    ### think action

    describe_think() {
        echo "Show a pensive cow"
    }

    describe_think_parameters() {
        echo "<text>"
    }

    describe_think_options() {
        echo "text : Text to display"
        echo "--sheep : Use a sheep rather than a cow"
    }

    do_think() {
        local params=
        while [[ ${1#--} != ${1} ]] ; do
            if [[ "--sheep" == ${1} ]] ; then
                shift
                params="${params} -f sheep"
            elif [[ "--" == "${1}" ]] ; then
                break
            else
                die -q "Unknown parameter ${1}"
            fi
        done

        echo "${@:-Am I a cow?}" | cowthink ${params}
    }

As you can see, the format is fairly similar to that of an ebuild -- it
is a bash script which is run in a special environment. This is
intentional. There are ``DESCRIPTION`` and ``VERSION`` variables
globally which are used by ``eselect`` and some of the default action
handlers, and a series of functions.

.. Warning:: In ebuilds, global scope code can cause problems.
  In eselect modules, global scope code is **absolutely forbidden**.
  Your module *will* be sourced for tasks other than running your
  actions. For example, if ``eselect modules list`` is executed, your
  module will be sourced to obtain the description. Any code being run
  here would be a very bad thing.

Unlike ebuilds, the function names are not fixed. Any function whose
name starts with ``do_`` is considered to be an action implementation.
It is conventional to have a ``describe_`` function for every ``do_``
function that gives a short description of the function -- this is
used for ``eselect modulename help``, for example.
The ``describe_action_options`` and ``describe_action_parameters``
functions are optional.

.. Note:: If eselect is invoked as ``cow-config`` or ``cow-update`` (for
  example, via a symlink), it will automatically select the cow module.

Standard Action Names
---------------------

The following list contains suggested allowed names for actions.
If there is no suitable name on the list for your task, it is best to
ask for the list to be updated -- for consistency, it would be nice to
have a standardised list of action names. (The cow module, being a silly
demonstration module, is exempt.)

help
    Display a help message. Automatic.
usage
    Display a usage message. Automatic.
version
    Display the current version. Automatic.
show
    Used to display the current provider of a symlink, or the currently
    installed module, or the current status.
list
    Used to display all available providers of a symlink, or all
    available modules.
set
    Used to set a new provider or a symlink.
enable
    Used to enable an optional feature.
disable
    Used to disable an optional feature.
scan
    Read information off the current filesystem.
update
    Used to automatically select a new provider for a symlink (as
    opposed to ``set``, which generally takes a parameter manually
    selecting the provider) or to gather system information that is
    vital to further actions.

.. Note:: You can override the ``help``, ``usage`` and ``version``
  actions. They are provided by default by ``lib/default.eselect``.
  You should only do this with a good reason. Removing them is not
  a good idea, ``eselect`` assumes that they exist.

Utility Functions
=================

eselect provides many utility functions. These are useful for
standardised output formatting. Where possible, these should be used,
especially for output. If a standard function is not available for the
output format required, consider implementing one.

The following categories of function are available by default:

* General Utility Functions
* Output Utility Functions
* Test Functions
* Path-Manipulation Functions
* Manipulation Functions
* Configuration Functions
* Multilib Functions
* Package-Manager Functions

To use any of the other functions, you have first to ``inherit`` the
corresponding library file. (cf: `The inherit Function`_)

General Utility Functions
-------------------------

These are implemented in ``libs/core.bash``.

The ``die`` Function
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The ``die`` function (which, unlike its ebuild counterpart, *can* be
called from within subshells) is used to exit with a fatal error. It
should be invoked as ``die -q "Message to display"``. If the ``-q`` is
not provided, a stacktrace will be displayed -- this should never happen
because of user input error, only abnormal conditions.

The ``check_do`` Function
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The ``check_do`` utility function checks that the first parameter is
a function, and then calls it with any additional parameters as its
arguments. If the function does not exist, ``die`` is called. Again,
this is mostly internal.

The ``do_action`` Function
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The ``do_action`` utility function is the correct way to call a utility
function which is defined in another module. The first parameter is the
action, additional parameters are passed as arguments.

The ``inherit`` Function
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The ``inherit`` function sources eselect library files based on their
name. In order to source the file ``libs/foo.bash`` you have to add
``inherit foo`` in global scope of your module.

The ``sed`` Function
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The ``sed`` function is a wrapper around GNU ``sed``.

Output Utility Functions
------------------------

These are implemented in ``libs/output.bash``.

The ``write_error_msg`` Function
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The ``write_error_msg`` function displays an error message in the
standard format. It is similar to ``eerror``.

The ``write_warning_msg`` Function
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The ``write_warning_msg`` function displays a warning message in the
standard format. It is similar to ``ewarn``.

The ``write_list_`` Functions
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

To display a list, the ``write_list_`` family of functions should be
used. Lists should always start with a header, which can be displayed
using ``write_list_start The Header``.

To display a numbered list, the ``write_numbered_list_entry`` function
should be used for each item. The first parameter is the list item
number, the second is the list item text (remember to quote this).

To display a keyword/value list, the ``write_kv_list_entry`` function
should be used. The first parameter is the key, the second the value.

The ``write_numbered_list`` function is a wrapper around
``write_numbered_list_entry`` that handles the numbering automatically.
Each parameter passed is displayed as a numbered list item, the first
with index 1, the second with index 2 and so on. The ``-m`` option can
be used to specify a negative report message that is output for an empty
list.

If ``-p`` is passed as the first argument to these functions, 'plain'
highlighting is used.

The ``highlight`` Function
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The ``highlight`` utility function can be used to emphasise some text
which is to be displayed by any of the above functions. A typical
invocation might look like: ::

    write_list_start "This is $(highlight list) example"
    write_kv_list_entry "First" "This is the first entry"
    write_kv_list_entry \
        "$(highlight Second)" "This is the $(highlight second) entry"
    write_kv_list_entry "Third" "$(highlight The end)"

The ``highlight_warning`` Function
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The ``highlight_warning`` function is like ``highlight``, but for
warnings. It displays the text in question in red.

The ``highlight_marker`` Function
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

To mark a list entry as active/selected, the ``highlight_marker``
function should be used. First argument is the list entry. The function
places a highlighted star (or its second argument instead, if set)
behind the entry. A typical invocation might look like: ::

    for (( i = 0; i < ${#targets[@]}; i++ )); do
        [[ test_if_target_is_active ]] \
            && targets[i]=$(highlight_marker "${targets[i]}")
    done

The ``is_output_mode`` Function
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The ``is_output_mode`` function returns true if and only if its
parameter is equal to eselect's output mode. Currently, only the default
and ``brief`` output modes are defined, the latter corresponding to the
``--brief`` option.

The ``space`` Function
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The ``space`` utility function takes a single integer parameter.
It displays that many space characters.

Test Functions
--------------

These are implemented in ``libs/tests.bash``.

The ``has`` Function
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The ``has`` utility function is like Portage's ``hasq``. It returns true
if and only if the first parameter is equal to any of the remaining
parameters.

The ``is_function`` Function
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The ``is_function`` utility function returns true if and only if its
parameter exists and is a function. This is mostly used internally, but
may have some use for modules.

The ``is_number`` Function
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Returns true if and only if the parameter is a positive whole number.

Path-Manipulation Functions
---------------------------

These are implemented in ``libs/path-manipulation``.

The ``basename`` Function
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The ``basename`` function is a transparent bash-only replacement for the
external ``basename`` application.

The ``dirname`` Function
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The ``dirname`` function is a transparent bash-only replacement for the
external ``dirname`` application.

The ``canonicalise`` Function
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The ``canonicalise`` function is a wrapper to either GNU ``readlink -f``
or ``realpath``.

The ``relative_name`` Function
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The ``relative_name`` function converts a path name (passed as its first
argument) to be relative to a directory (second argument). This can be
used to generate a relative symlink from absolute paths.

Manipulation Functions
----------------------

These are implemented in ``libs/manip.bash``.

The ``svn_date_to_version`` Function
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The ``svn_date_to_version`` function can be used instead of manually
keeping track of ``VERSION``. It is safe to use in global scope.
The canonical usage is as follows: ::

    SVN_DATE='$Date: $'
    VERSION=$(svn_date_to_version "${SVN_DATE}")

Then turn on SVN keyword expansion for the module: ::

    svn propset svn:keywords "Date" modules/foo.eselect

Configuration Functions
-----------------------

These are implemented in ``libs/config.bash``.

The ``store_config`` Function
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The ``store_config`` function saves a key/value pair in a given
configuration file which is passed as first argument. This file is
a bash script consisting only of key/value pairs and should not be
altered manually. Comments in the file will be deleted each time
``store_config`` is called. The function is invoked as
``store_config filename key value``.

The ``load_config`` Function
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The ``load_config`` function loads a stored value from the module's
configuration file. It is invoked as ``load_config filename key``
and prints the associated value.

The ``append_config`` Function
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The ``append_config`` function appends an item to an already stored
value in the modules configuration file. It uses ``load_config`` /
``store_config`` internally and should be invoked as
``append_config filename key item``. Note that the item will not be
appended if it occurs in the key's value already.

Multilib Functions
------------------

These are implemented in ``libs/multilib.bash``.

The ``list_libdirs`` Function
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The ``list_libdirs`` function returns a set of valid libdirs for the
used architecture. By default it uses /etc/ld.so.conf to obtain all
valid libdirs. If this fails due to a missing or broken file, this
function uses ``uname`` to determine the architecture.

Package-Manager Functions
-------------------------

These are implemented in ``libs/package-manager.bash``.

The ``arch`` Function
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The ``arch`` function returns the correct value of ${ARCH} for the
current system. If the package manager cannot provide this information,
``arch`` falls back to a ``uname -m`` and ``uname -s`` based
lookup-table.

The ``envvar`` Function
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The ``envvar`` function retrieves the contents of a
configuration-environment variable for a given package. The syntax is
``envvar ${package-name} ${var-name}``.

The ``best_version`` Function
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The ``best_version`` function returns the highest available version for
a given package dep atom.

The ``has_version`` Function
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The ``has_version`` function checks whether a given versioned package
dep atom is installed.

The ``get_repositories`` Function
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The ``get_repositories`` function returns a list of repositories known
to the package manager.

The ``get_repo_news_dir`` Function
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

The ``get_repo_news_dir`` function returns the directory where to find
GLEP 42 news items for a given repository.

A Basic Skeleton Library
========================

The ``libs/skel.bash`` library provides for a simple eselect module to
switch between implementations of anything that installs to a ``lib*``
directory (i.e., lib, lib32, lib64). This will satisfy the requirements
for most cases in which one must switch between providers of a certain
library or any package installing a library.

Creating a simple module
------------------------

To use this library, all you need to do is create an eselect module
containing settings for the MODULE and IFACE variables. The MODULE
variable is the name used to refer to the implementations being switched
in help text. The IFACE variable indicates the subdirectory of
/etc/env.d/ in which eselect files for these implementations will be
stored.

Each package must install a symlink map using the ``add`` action. The
map must use relative symlinks, one source-destination mapping per line
in the form ``source destination``. The source must be relative to the
destination, not absolute. Instead of using ``lib`` or ``lib64`` etc.,
you must use @LIBDIR@. The ``libs/skel.bash`` library detects the proper
library directory at runtime.

.. Local Variables:
.. mode: rst
.. fill-column: 72
.. indent-tabs-mode: nil
.. End:

.. vim: set ft=glep tw=72 sw=4 et spell spelllang=en :